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- The occupation of Japan was, from start to finish, an American
- operation. General Douglans MacArthur, sole supreme commander of the
- Allied Power was in charge. The Americans had insufficient men to make
- a military government of Japan possible; so t hey decided to act
- through the existing Japanese gobernment. General Mac Arthur became,
- except in name, dictator of Japan. He imposed his will on Japan.
- Demilitarization was speedily carried out, demobilization of the former
- imperial forces was complet ed by early 1946.
-
- Japan was extensively fire bomded during the second world war.
- The stench of sewer gas, rotting garbage, and the acrid smell of ashes
- and scorched debris pervaded the air. The Japanese people had to live
- in the damp, and col d of the concrete buildings, because they were the
- only ones left. Little remained of the vulnerable wooden frame, tile
- roof dwelling lived in by most Japanese. When the first signs of
- winter set in, the occupation forces immediately took over all the s
- team-heated buildings. The Japanese were out in the cold in the first
- post war winter fuel was very hard to find, a family was considered
- lucky if they had a small barely glowing charcoal brazier to huddle
- around. That next summer in random spots new ho uses were built, each
- house was standardized at 216 square feet, and required 2400 board feet
- of material in order to be built. A master plan for a modernistic city
- had been drafted, but it was cast aside because of the lack of time
- before the next winte r. The thousands of people who lived in railroad
- stations and public parks needed housing.
-
- All the Japanese heard was democracy from the Americans. All they
- cared about was food. General MacAruther asked the government to send
- food, when they refus ed he sent another telegram that said, "Send me
- food, or send me bullets."
-
- American troops were forbidden to eat local food, as to keep from
- cutting from cutting into the sparse local supply.
-
- No food was was brought in expressly for the Japanese durning the
- first six months after the American presence there. Herbert Hoover,
- serving as chairman of a special presidential advisory committee,
- recommended minimum imports to Japan of 870,000 tons of food to be
- distributed in different urban areas. Fi sh, the source of so much of
- the protein in the Japanese diet, were no longer available in adequate
- quantities because the fishing fleet, particularly the large vessels,
- had been badly decimated by the war and because the U.S.S.R. closed
- off the fishing g rounds in the north.
-
- The most important aspect of the democratization policy was the
- adoption of a new constitution and its supporting legislation. When
- the Japanese government proved too confused or too reluctant to come up
- with a constitutional reform that satisfied MacArthur, he had his own
- staff draft a new constitution in February 1946. This, with only minor
- changes, was then adopted by the Japanese government in the form of an
- imperial amendment to the 1889 constitution and went into effect on May
- 3, 1947. The new Constitution was a perfection of the British
- parliamentary form of government that the Japanese had been moving
- toward in the 1920s. Supreme political power was assigned to the Diet.
- Cabinets were made responsible to the Diet by having the prime minister
- elected by the lower house. The House of Peers was replaced by an
- elected House of Councillors. The judicial system was made as
- independent of executive interference as possible, and a newly created
- supreme court was given the power to review the constitutionality of
- laws. Local governments were given greatly increased powers.
-
- The Emperor was reduced to being a symbol of the unity of the
- nation. Japanese began to see him in person. He went to hospitals,
- schools, mines, industrial plants; he broke ground for public buildings
- and snipped tape at the opening of gates and highways. He was steered
- here and there, shown things, and kept muttering, "Ah so, ah so."
- People started to call him "Ah-so-san." Suddenly the puybli c began to
- take this shy, ill-at-ease man to their hearts. They saw in him
- something of their own conqured selves, force to do what was alien to
- them. In 1948, in a newspaper poll, Emperior Hirohito was voted the
- most popular man in Japan.
-
- Civil li berties were emphasized, women were given full equality
- with men. Article 13 and 19 in the new Constitution, prohibits
- discrimination in political, economic, and social relations because of
- race, creed, sex, social status, or family origen. This is one of the
- most explicitly progressive statements on human rights anywhere in law.
- Gerneral Douglas MacArthur emerged as a radical feminist because he was
- "convinced that the place of women in Japan must be brought to a level
- consistent with that of women in the western democracies." So the
- Japanese women got their equal rights amendment long before a concerted
- effort was made to obtain one in America.
-
- Compulsory education was extened to nine years, efforts were made
- to make education more a traning in thinking than in rote memory, and
- the school system above the six elementary grades was revised to
- conform to the American pattern. This last mechanical change produced
- great confusion and dissatisfaction but became so entrenched that it
- could not be re vised even after the Americans departed.
-
- Japan's agriculture was the quickest of national activities to
- recover because of land reform. The Australians came up with the best
- plan. It was basis was this: There were to be no absentee landlards.
- A person who actually worked the land could own up to 7.5 arcers.
- Anyone living in a village near by could keep 2.5 acres. Larger plots
- of land, exceeding these limits, were bought up by the government and
- sold on easy terms to former tenants. Within two years 2 million
- tenants became landowners. The American occupation immediately gained
- not only a large constituency, for the new owners had a vested interest
- in preserving the change, but also a psychological momentum for other
- changes they wanted to ini tiate.
-
- The American labor policy in Japan had a double goal: to
- encourage the growth of democratic unions while keeping them free of
- communists. Union organization was used as a balance to the power of
- management. To the surprise of the American authorties, this movement
- took a decidedly more radical turn. In the desperate economic
- conditions of early postwar Japan, there was little room for successful
- bargaining over wages, and many labor unions instead made a bid to take
- over industry and o perate it in their own behalf. Moreover large
- numbers of workers in Japan were government employees, such as railroad
- workers and teachers, whose wages were set not by management but by the
- government. Direct political action therefore seemed more meani ngful
- to these people than wage bargaining. The Japanese unions called for a
- general strike on February 1, 1947. MacArthur warned the union
- leadership that he would not countenace a nationwide strike. The
- strike leaders yieled to MacArthur's will. The re after the political
- appeal of radical labor action appeared to wane.
-
- The Americans wanted to disband the great Zaibatsu trust as a
- means of reducing Japan's war-making potential. There were about 15
- Zaibatsu families such as - Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Yasuda, and Sumitomo.
- The Zaibatsu controled the industry of Japan. MacArthur's liaison men
- pressured the Diet into passing the Deconcentration Law in December
- 1947. In the eyes of most Japanese this law was designed to cripple
- Japanese business and i ndustry forever. The first step in breaking up
- the Zaibatsu was to spread their ownership out among the people and to
- prevent the old owners from ever again exercising control. The stocks
- of all the key holding companies were to be sold to the public.
- Friends of the old Zaibatsu bought the stock. In the long run the
- Zaibatsu were not exactly destroyed, but a few were weakened and others
- underwent a considerable shuffle.
-
- The initial period of the occupation from 1945 to 1948 was marked
- by reform, the second phase was one of stabilization. Greater
- attention was given to improvement of the economy. Japan was a heavy
- expense to the United States. The ordered breakup of the Zaibatsu was
- slowed down. The union movement continued to grow, to the ult imate
- benefit of the worker. Unremitting pressure on employers brought
- swelling wages, which meant the steady expansion of Japan domestic
- consumer market. This market was a major reason for Japan's subsequent
- economic boom. Another boom to the economy was the Korean War which
- proved to be a blessing in disguise. Japan became the main staging
- area for military action in Korea and went on a war boom economy with
- out having to fight in or pay for a war.
-
- The treaty of peace with Japan was signed at San Francisco in
- September 1951 by Japan, the United States, and forty-seven other
- nations. The Soviet Union refused to sign it. The treaty went into
- effect in April 1952, officially terminating the United States military
- occupation and restoring full independence.
-
- What is extraordinary in the Occupation and its aftermath was the
- insignificance of the unpleasant. For the Japanese, the nobility of
- American ideals and the essential benignity of the American presence
- assuaged much of the bitterness and anguish of defeat. For the
- Americans, the joys of promoting peace and democracy triumphed over the
- attendant fustrations and grievances. Consequently, the Occupation
- served to lay down a substantial capital of good will on which both
- America and Jap an would draw in the years ahead.
-
-
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
-
- Christopher, Robert C. /The Japanese Mind/. New York: Fawcett
- Columbine, 1983
-
- La Cerda, John. /The Conqueror Comes to Tea/. New Brunswick: R utgers
- University Press, 1946
-
- Manchester, William. /American Caesar/. New York: Dell Publishing
- Company, Inc., 1978
-
- Perry, John Curtis. /Beneath the Eagle's Wings/. New York: Dodd, Mead
- And Company, 1980
-
- Reischauer, Edwin O. / The Japanese/. London: Belknap Press, 1977
-
- Seth, Ronald. /Milestones in Japanese History/. Philadelphia: Chilton
- Book Company, 1969
-
- Sheldon, Walt. /The Honorable Conquerors/. New York: The Macmillan
- Company., 1965